Tips and tricks for successfully conducting a multicenter study. / Reglas y consejos para desarrollar con éxito un estudio multicéntrico.

Multicenter studies play a crucial role in medical research and advancement, facilitating the application of new knowledge to clinical practice. These studies are associated with multiple benefits but are more complex than those involving a single center. With the philosophy that most of the qualities required to lead a multicenter study depend on attitude and can be learned, developed, and improved, in this manuscript, we share with the reader a series of recommendations that we consider important for successfully conducting such studies. The tips and tricks that will be discussed in detail are as follows: effectively leading the project; clearly defining viable and relevant objectives; designing a clear and detailed protocol; carefully selecting centers and collaborating investigators; meticulously designing the case report form; centrally managing the project efficiently; maintaining fluent communication with investigators; and, finally, designing a clear authorship policy and ensuring the appropriate publication of the study results. We hope that these suggestions encourage potential researchers to conduct multicenter studies, thereby collectively enhancing the quality of research and its application to clinical practice.

Cómo crear un perfil digital de investigador a través de diferentes plataformas online. Una revisión narrativa / How to create a digital researcher profile by means of different online platforms: a narrative review

Introducción: el aumento de la producción científica se ha acompañado de plataformas para autores donde pueden compartir el curriculum vitae y los artículos publicados. El objetivo de este artículo es hacer una revisión narrativa en relación con los perfiles digitales, el uso de redes sociales (RRSS) profesionales y gestores bibliográficos de utilidad para la investigación en profesionales de Atención Primaria. Material y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en la literatura médica para identificar estudios que informaran sobre temas relacionados con perfil investigador, plataformas online para perfiles digitales y gestores de referencias bibliográficas. Resultados: se recomienda incluir en un perfil: formación, actividad laboral, membresía a instituciones o sociedades científicas, artículos publicados, índice H, citaciones, proyectos financiados, premios recibidos y revisión de artículos en revistas indexadas. Las plataformas más frecuentes son ResearchGate, ORCID, Scopus y Publons, esta última integrada ya en la Web of Science. Todas ellas permiten compartir filiación, artículos publicados y premios recibidos. Las citaciones recibidas solo están disponibles en Scopus y Publons. El índice H está presente en todas las plataformas menos en ORCID. Los proyectos financiados pueden encontrarse en todas las plataformas menos en Publons. ORCID y Publons recogen las revisiones por pares en artículos indexados. Otras plataformas son: Pubmed y Google Scholar que comparten algunas funcionalidades. Los gestores bibliográficos permiten perfiles personales (Zotero), pero ofrecen menos funciones que otras plataformas, aunque sí la creación de grupos de trabajo (Mendeley y Zotero). Conclusión: tener un perfil investigador permite visibilizar la producción científica en Atención Primaria y contactar con otros investigadores.(AU)

Introduction: the increase in scientific production has been accompanied by platforms for authors where they can share their curriculum vitae and published articles. The aim of this article is to perform a narrative review in regard to digital profiles, the use of professional social networks and useful bibliographical managers for research into primary care professionals. Material and Methods: the medical literature was searched to identify studies that reported topics related to researcher profile, online platforms for digital profiles and bibliographical reference managers. Results: it is recommended including in a profile: training, work activity, membership in scientific institutions or societies, published articles, H index, citations, funded projects, awards received and review of articles in indexed journals. The most common platforms are ResearchGate, ORCID, Scopus and Publons, the latter already integrated into the Web of Science. All of them allow you to share affiliation, published articles and awards received. The citations received are only available in Scopus and Publons. The H-index is present on all platforms except ORCID. Funded projects can be found on all platforms except Publons. ORCID and Publons collects peer reviews on indexed articles. Other platforms are: PubMed and Google Scholar that share some functionalities. Bibliographical managers enable personal profiles (Zotero) but offer fewer functions than other platforms, although they do create work groups (Mendeley and Zotero). Conclusion: having a research profile enables scientific production to be visible in primary care and contact with other researchers.(AU)

Liderazgo de la mujer en la investigación clínica: estudio observacional retrospectivo durante dos décadas en España / Women's leadership in clinical research: A retrospective observational study over two decades in Spain

Antecedentes y objetivo Los datos disponibles avalan las diferencias por género en el liderazgo de las investigaciones clínicas (IC). Este estudio analiza en qué medida las mujeres lideran estas investigaciones. Materiales y métodos Estudio observacional retrospectivo en un hospital universitario terciario asociado a uno de los institutos de investigación sanitaria más importantes de España. Analizamos los investigadores principales (IP) por género (2001-2020). Variable principal: proporción de IC lideradas por mujeres durante el período de estudio. Variables secundarias: diferencias de IP por género según el tipo de estudio: ensayos clínicos (EC) o estudios de no-intervención (ENI) y según la financiación. Fuentes de datos: registros del Comité de Ética en Investigación con medicamentos (CEIm) y del Departamento de Recursos Humanos. Resultados Durante el estudio, el CEIm aprobó 8.466 protocolos; el 52% (4.408/8.466) fueron EC y el resto, ENI. Las mujeres lideraron un 39,7% (3.360/8.466) del total. La brecha de género se observó principalmente en EC: las mujeres fueron IP de un 31,5% de ellos (1.391/4.408) y de un 48,5% (1.969/4.058) de los ENI. Ello a pesar de la tendencia creciente del número de facultativas. Los estudios de financiación privada fueron más comúnmente liderados por hombres. Conclusiones Nuestros resultados demuestran que existe una infrarrepresentación de las mujeres en puestos de liderazgo en la investigación, principalmente en aquellos con financiación privada. Este estudio refuerza la idea de que todavía queda un largo camino por recorrer en este campo. Se necesitan más estudios para la identificación de diferencias existentes que permitan implantar cambios a nivel institucional y cultural que promuevan la igualdad de género en el ámbito de la investigación clínica (AU)

Background and objective Available data support differences by gender in the leadership of clinical investigations (CI). This study analyzes to what extent women lead these investigations. Materials and method Observational-retrospective study in a tertiary university hospital associated with one of the most important health research institutes in Spain. We analyzed the principal investigators (PI) by gender from 2001 to 2020. Main outcome: proportion of CI led by female doctors (FD) during the study period. Secondary outcomes: differences in PI by gender according to the type of study: clinical trials (CT) or non-interventional-researches (NIR) and according to type of funding. Data sources: Research Ethics Committee (REC) and Human Resources Department registries. Result During the study, the REC approved 8,466 protocols, 52% (4,408/8,466) were EC, the rest were NIR. Women led 39.7% (3,360/8,466) of the total. The gender gap was observed mainly in EC: FD were IP of 31.5% of them (1,391/4,408) and 48.5% (1,969/4,058) of NIR. This despite the increasing trend in the number of FD staff. By type of funding, when the studies were supported by private sector there was a wider gap markedly unfavorable for women. Conclusions Our results show that there is underrepresentation of women in research leadership, mainly those with private financing. This study reinforces the idea that there is still a long way to go in this field. More studies are necessary to identify the existing differences that allow the implementation of actions at the institutional and cultural level that promote gender equality in the field of clinical research (AU)

Women's leadership in clinical research: A retrospective observational study over two decades in Spain.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Available data support differences by gender in the leadership of clinical investigations (CI). This study analyzes to what extent women lead these investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational-retrospective study in a tertiary university hospital associated with one of the most important health research institutes in Spain. We analyzed the principal investigators (PI) by gender from 2001 to 2020. MAIN OUTCOME: proportion of CI led by female doctors (FD) during the study period. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: differences in PI by gender according to the type of study: clinical trials (CT) or non-interventional-researches (NIR) and according to type of funding. DATA SOURCES: Research Ethics Committee (REC) and Human Resources Department registries. RESULTS: During the study, the REC approved 8466 protocols, 52% (4408/8466) were EC, the rest were NIR. Women led 39.7% (3360/8466) of the total. The gender gap was observed mainly in EC: FD were IP of 31.5% of them (1391/4408) and 48.5% (1969/4058) of NIR. This despite the increasing trend in the number of FD staff. By type of funding, when the studies were supported by private sector there was a wider gap markedly unfavorable for women. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that there is underrepresentation of women in research leadership, mainly those with private financing. This study reinforces the idea that there is still a long way to go in this field. More studies are necessary to identify the existing differences that allow the implementation of actions at the institutional and cultural level that promote gender equality in the field of clinical research.

Dr. C. Oscar Alonso Chil: ejemplo de consagración a la medicina cubana / Dr. C. Oscar Beto Alonso Chil: an example of dedication to the Cuban medicine

El Dr. C. Oscar Beto Alonso Chil, se graduó de Doctor en Medicina en 1954, fue uno de los médicos que no emigraron del país al triunfo de la Revolución. Se dedicó por entero al desarrollo de su especialidad: Medicina Interna; logró el Segundo Grado de especialización. Incansable investigador, consagró su vida y saberes a poner siempre en alto el nombre de la Medicina Cubana participando en eventos de prestigio nacional e internacional, como miembro de organizaciones y asociaciones de gran importancia tanto dentro como fuera del país y dirigiendo investigaciones con notables resultados. Fue propuesto para la categoría de Académico de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. No menos importante ha sido su labor docente como Profesor Titular de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Profesor de Mérito y Consultante. A lo largo de su trayectoria ha tutorado disímiles trabajos de pre y postgrado en su especialidad. Este educador mantuvo siempre un gran espíritu de sacrificio y dedicó la mayor parte de su carrera a su desarrollo científico y labor educativa los que le aportaron un gran reconocimiento, prestigio y admiración dentro de la comunidad de estudiantes y colegas.

Oscar Beto Alonso Chil, PhD in Medicine, graduated as a Doctor of Medicine in 1954, being one of the physicians who did not leave the country after the triumph of the Revolution. He dedicated his whole life to the development of his specialty, Internal Medicine, achieving the second degree of specialization. He was a tireless researcher who devoted his life and knowledge to set the name of the Cuban Medicine at a very high level during his participation in prestigious National and International events, as a member of very important organizations and associations both inside and outside the country, and carrying out the supervision of investigations with excellent results. He was nominated for the category of academician of the Cuban Academy of Sciences. Equally important was his teaching work as a full professor of the University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Professor Emeritus and Consultant. In the course of his teaching life he was the tutor of numerous undergraduate and postgraduate studies of his specialty. A great spirit of sacrifice prevailed in this educator who dedicated most of the time of his career to his scientific development and teaching labor which gave him a great recognition and the prestige and admiration among students and colleagues.

Analysis of the evolution of the publication of case reports in endocrinology journals.

INTRODUCTION: A case report is a scientific article describing one or more patients with unusual clinical presentations. In recent years, the number of case reports in publications has decreased. In this study, we analyze the publication of case reports in journals of Endocrinology during the years 2010, 2015 and 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Pubmed web was browsed for clinical journals of Endocrinology, those published in English and/or Spanish being selected, and the relevant variables analyzed. RESULTS: Of 84 analyzed journals, 51 accepted cases for publication, 29 did not, and 4 did so only in exceptional cases. In 2010, 11,754 articles were published, of which 709 were clinical cases (6.9% of the total); in 2015, a total of 14,594 articles of which 655 were clinical cases (5.8% of the total); and in 2019 a total of 14,110 articles, of which 472 were clinical cases (4.6% of the total). In journals demanding payment for the publishing of clinical cases, case reports represented 9% of all articles, and in free journals, 3% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There has been a decline in publication of case reports in journals of Endocrinology in recent years, both in absolute and relative terms. Even though the cases described by these reports are, by definition, exceptional, the decline of their publication implies a significant loss of scientific information and clinical knowledge regarding certain pathologies.

Experiencias etnográficas y preocupaciones éticas en espacios de atención a la salud en México

en México, la integración de estudiantes-investigadores de antropología en salud a espacios de atención a la salud es muy reciente, por lo que resulta relevante conocer el proceso histórico y de la misma forma problematizar la interacción de estos con los prestadores de salud, así como con sus usuarios, a fin de discutir sobre la posibilidad de acceso para realizar indagaciones sobre las prácticas etnográficas, funciones y consecuencias de la presencia del investigador social en dicho espacio, desde la visión del estudiante de posgrado. Por lo anterior, se realizaron grupos focales con diez alumnos del área de antropología en salud, en los que se averiguó sobre la experiencia de sus investigaciones en los ámbitos anteriormente mencionados, llegando a la conclusión de que son de relevancia tres ejes: en primer lugar, la preparación de trabajo antropológico para y en la institución, seguido de la performatividad en la institución y, por último, los conflictos tanto administrativos, como operativos en la práctica etnográfica. Estos ejes se desarrollaron en este trabajo, y a través de ellos se plantearon y describieron las tensiones de la práctica profesional antropológica en instituciones de salud, con base en el hecho de que la etnografía en estos espacios confronta a dos disciplinas y lógicas institucionales diferentes. Finalmente, se realizó una reflexión desde las implicaciones éticas del desarrollo de la etnografía en estos espacios, al abrigo de los derechos humanos del usuario-paciente.

in Mexico, the integration of anthropology students-researchers in health care spaces is very recent, so it is relevant to know the historical process and in the same way to problematize the interaction of these with health care providers, as well as with their users, in order to discuss the possibility of access to conduct research on ethnographic practices, functions, and consequences of the presence of the social researcher in this space, from the vision of the graduate student. Therefore, focus groups were conducted with ten students in the area of anthropology in health, in which they in-quired about the experience of their research in the aforementioned areas, reaching the conclusion that three axes are relevant: first, the preparation of anthropological work for and in the institution, followed by the performativity in the institution and, finally, both administrative and operational conflicts in ethnographic practice.Axes that were developed in this work, through which the tensions of the anthropological professional practice in health institutions were raised and described based on the fact that ethnography in these spaces confronts two dif-ferent disciplines and institutional logics. Finally, a reflection was made on the ethical implications of the development of ethnography in these spaces, under the protection of the human rights of the user-patient.

no México, a integração de estudantes-pesquisadores de antropologia em saúde a espaços de atenção à saúde é muito recente, portanto resulta relevante conhecer o processo histórico e, da mesma forma, problematizar a interação deles com os prestadores de saúde, bem como com seus usuários, a fim de discutir sobre a possibilidade de acesso para realizar questionamentos sobre as práticas etnográficas, funções e consequências da presença do pesquisador social nesse espaço, a partir da visão do estudante de pós-graduação. Por isso, foram realizados grupos focais com dez alunos da área de antropologia em saúde, nos quais se averiguou sobre a experiência de suas pesquisas nos contextos anteriormente mencionados, chegando à conclusão de que três eixos são de relevância: em primeiro lugar, a preparação de trabalho antropológico para e na instituição, seguido da performatividade na instituição e, por último, os conflitos tanto administrativos quanto operacionais na prática etnográfica. Eixos que são desenvolvidos neste trabalho por meio dos quais são descritas as tensões da prática profissional antropológica em instituições de saúde com base no fato de a etnografia nesses espaços confrontar duas disciplinas e lógicas institucionais diferentes. Finalmente, foi realizada uma reflexão a partir das implicações éticas do desenvolvimento da etnografia nesses espaços, sob a proteção de direitos humanos do usuário-paciente.

Retos y desafíos de la investigación clínica independiente / Challenges of independent clinical research

Las compañías farmacéuticas financian la mayoría de los estudios clínicos sobre medicamentos. Sin embargo, existen cuestiones clínicas que podrían no ser prioritarias desde el punto de vista comercial, pero que sin duda deberían ser abordadas, dada su transcendencia para los pacientes y la sociedad en general. La investigación clínica independiente representa aquí un pilar fundamental y su elemento básico son los estudios iniciados por el investigador (también conocidos por su nombre en inglés, investigator-initiated studies/trials). En estos estudios, es el investigador el que concibe la idea, desarrolla el proyecto y además actúa como promotor. La mayoría de los investigadores están familiarizados con la participación como colaboradores en los estudios promovidos por las compañías farmacéuticas; en dichos estudios, la compañía se encarga de todos los aspectos científicos, legales y, además, económicos, quedando la responsabilidad del investigador limitada fundamentalmente a la inclusión de pacientes y el cumplimiento del protocolo. Por el contrario, la puesta en marcha y el desarrollo de un estudio de investigación independiente requiere considerables recursos —de conocimientos, económicos y de tiempo— y una cuidadosa planificación por parte del investigador. En el presente manuscrito revisaremos cuáles son las principales características de los estudios iniciados por el investigador y sus diferencias fundamentales con los promovidos por la industria farmacéutica. Nos plantearemos también cuáles son sus fortalezas y sus limitaciones. Por último, propondremos algunas soluciones a los principales desafíos que plantean. Nuestro objetivo final es estimular a los potenciales investigadores a acometer el reto de llevar a cabo un proyecto de investigación clínica independiente.(AU)

Pharmaceutical companies fund most clinical trials on drugs. However, there are clinical issues that might not be a priority from a commercial point of view, but that should certainly be addressed, given their importance for patients and society in general. Independent clinical research represents a fundamental pillar here and its basic element is investigator-initiated studies/trials. In these studies, it is the researcher who conceives the idea, develops the project and also acts as the sponsor. Most researchers are familiar with participating as collaborators in studies sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. In these studies, the company is in charge of all the scientific, legal and financial aspects, leaving the responsibility of the researcher mainly limited to the inclusion of patients and compliance with the protocol. On the contrary, the start-up and development of an independent research study requires considerable resources – of knowledge, money and time – and careful planning on the part of the researcher. In this manuscript, we will review the main characteristics of the studies initiated by the researcher and their fundamental differences with those sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry. We will also outline what its strengths and limitations are. Finally, we will propose some solutions to the main challenges they pose. Our ultimate goal is to stimulate potential researchers to undertake the challenge of conducting an independent clinical research project.(AU)

Analysis of the evolution of the publication of case reports in endocrinology journals. / Análisis de la evolución en la publicación de casos clínicos en revistas de endocrinología.

INTRODUCTION: A case report is a scientific article describing one or more patients with unusual clinical presentations. In recent years, the number of case reports in publications has decreased. In this study, we analyze the publication of case reports in journals of Endocrinology during the years 2010, 2015 and 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Pubmed web was browsed for clinical journals of Endocrinology, those published in English and/or Spanish being selected, and the relevant variables analyzed. RESULTS: Of 84 analyzed journals, 51 accepted cases for publication, 29 did not, and 4 did so only in exceptional cases. In 2010, 11,754 articles were published, of which 709 were clinical cases (6.9% of the total); in 2015, a total of 14,594 articles of which 655 were clinical cases (5.8% of the total); and in 2019 a total of 14,110 articles, of which 472 were clinical cases (4.6% of the total). In journals demanding payment for the publishing of clinical cases, case reports represented 9% of all articles, and in free journals, 3% (P<.05). CONCLUSION: There has been a decline in publication of case reports in journals of Endocrinology in recent years, both in absolute and relative terms. Even though the cases described by these reports are, by definition, exceptional, the decline of their publication implies a significant loss of scientific information and clinical knowledge regarding certain pathologies.

Dr. Francisco Valdés Lazo: un médico excepcional / Dr. Francisco Valdés Lazo: an exceptional physician

José Martí sentenció: "Saberse sacrificar es el precio del éxito durable en todo", y con grandes sacrificios y éxitos en su vida laboral se resume la obra del Dr. Francisco Valdés Lazo, un médico excepcional que supo vincular sus responsabilidades administrativas con la docencia y la investigación. Incansable luchador por los avances de la Medicina, gestor de la Escuela Cubana de Pediatría, representa un gran ejemplo para los médicos cubanos y de Latinoamérica. Durante su vida estudiantil colaboró de forma destacada en las actividades que se desarrollaron, siendo fundador de las milicias revolucionarias. Una vez graduado es ubicado en el hospital pediátrico de Santa Clara, además atendía a los milicianos que se encontraban movilizados en la lucha contra bandidos en El Escambray. Al cumplir el servicio social, ya había demostrado sus condiciones de liderazgo, siendo ubicado como subdirector del Hospital Pediátrico "Pedro Borrás"; sus cualidades como revolucionario, inteligencia y entrega total al trabajo, le permitieron ser promovido a diferentes cargos de dirección hasta ser ubicado en el nivel central. Brindó asesoría científica a diferentes países del mundo, entre ellos, Guinea Bissau, Nicaragua, Bolivia, México y Guatemala; impartió numerosos cursos de postgrado nacionales e internacionales y recibió diferentes condecoraciones como médico e investigador. Unido a su humanismo, sus métodos de dirección, su carácter afable y su sentido del humor aun en situaciones difíciles, hacen de este profesional de la Medicina cubana un ejemplo a seguir para todas las generaciones de médicos(AU)

José Martí declared: "Knowing how to sacrifice is the price of lasting success at everything." The work of Dr. Francisco Valdés Lazo can be summed up in great sacrifices and successes during all his working life. He was an exceptional physician who knew how to link his administrative responsibilities to teaching and research. He was a tireless fighter for the advances in Medicine, the founder of the Cuban School of Pediatrics and a great example for Cuban and Latin American doctors. During his student life, he collaborated prominently with different activities, being the founder of the revolutionary militias. As soon as he graduated, he started to work in the pediatric hospital of Santa Clara. He also cared for the militiamen who were mobilized in the fight against bandits in El Escambray. After he finished his social service, he had already demonstrated his leadership condition; therefore, he was designed as deputy director of the Pedro Borrás Pediatric Hospital. His qualities as revolutionary as well as his intelligence and total dedication to work allowed him to be promoted to different management positions until he was positioned at the central level. He provided scientific advice to different countries in the world such as Guinea Bissau, Nicaragua, Bolivia, Mexico, and Guatemala. He taught numerous national and international postgraduate courses and received different awards as physician and researcher. His humanism, management methods, affable character and his sense of humor, even in difficult situations, make this Cuban medical professional an example to be followed for all generations of doctors(AU)

La resignificación participativa de la fundamentación pedagógica como escenario vital para la construcción del Proyecto Educativo Institucional / Participatory Reunification of Pedagogical Foundation as a Vital Scenario for the Construction of the Institutional Educational Project (PEI)

Resumen La Escuela Normal Superior Pbro. José Gómez Isaza (Antioquia - Colombia) realizó una investigación acción participativa propendiendo por resignificar de la fundamentación pedagógica de su Proyecto Educativo Institucional (PEI). Situación suscitada por la necesidad de formar otro tipo de maestros, con un perfil acorde a las demandas del contexto y las diversas poblaciones con las que se desenvuelven. Después de haber desplegado una ruta metodológica pensada por los actores/investigadores, fue necesaria una nueva fundamentación pedagógica, subyaciendo así una propuesta pedagógica crítico-dialógica que repensó desde categorías potencializadoras elementos básicos del currículo: formación, didáctica, investigación, relaciones pedagógicas y evaluación. Con esta propuesta se entretejió sistémicamente un nuevo PEI.

Abstract Priest José Gómez Isaza Normal High School, Antioquia, Colombia led a participatory action research striving for the redefinition of the pedagogical foundation of its Institutional Educational Project (PEI). This situation sprang from the need to form other types of teachers, according to a profile based on the demands of the context and the various populations with which they develop. After having deployed a methodological route which was designed by the actors/researchers, a new pedagogical foundation was necessary. Thus, underpinning a critical-dialogical pedagogical proposal, which reconsidered from potentializing categories, basic elements of the curriculum: training, didactics, research, pedagogical relations, and evaluation. With this proposal, a new PEI was systematically interwoven.

Percepção de professores-pesquisadores sobre questões éticas em pesquisas on-line / Perception of professor-researchers on ethical issues in online research / Percepción de profesores-investigadores sobre cuestiones éticas en investigaciones en línea

Resumo O artigo investiga a percepção de professores-pesquisadores em relação à ética em pesquisa on-line. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo que entrevistou profissionais vinculados a programas de pós-graduação em educação de universidades brasileiras que atuam com tecnologias digitais da informação e comunicação. Os dados foram organizados em mapa dialógico, cuja análise permitiu identificar alguns sentidos atribuídos à ética em pesquisa. Os entrevistados demonstraram reconhecer a importância da ética em pesquisa on-line e compartilharam opiniões, preocupações e críticas que permitiram (des)construir discursos a fim de defender uma prática científica direcionada à proteção dos participantes de pesquisas.

Abstract This article analyzes the perception of professors on online research ethics. This qualitative study interviewed professionals linked to graduate programs in Brazilian universities, who work with digital information and communication technologies. Data were organized in a dialogic map, whose analysis allowed identifying meanings attributed to research ethics. Respondents recognized the importance of ethics in online research and shared opinions, concerns, and criticisms that allowed (de)constructing discourses to defend a scientific practice aimed at protecting research participants.

Resumen El artículo investiga la percepción de profesores-investigadores acerca de la ética en la investigación en línea. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, que entrevistó a profesionales vinculados a programas de educación de posgrado en universidades brasileñas y que trabajan con tecnologías digitales de la información y la comunicación. Se organizaron los datos en un mapa dialógico, cuyo análisis permitió identificar algunos significados atribuidos a la ética de la investigación. Los encuestados demostraron reconocer la importancia de la ética en la investigación en línea y compartieron opiniones, preocupaciones y críticas que permitieron (des)construir discursos para defender una práctica científica orientada a proteger los participantes de investigaciones.

Challenges of independent clinical research. / Retos y desafíos de la investigación clínica independiente.

Pharmaceutical companies fund most clinical trials on drugs. However, there are clinical issues that might not be a priority from a commercial point of view, but that should certainly be addressed, given their importance for patients and society in general. Independent clinical research represents a fundamental pillar here and its basic element is investigator-initiated studies/trials. In these studies, it is the researcher who conceives the idea, develops the project and also acts as the sponsor. Most researchers are familiar with participating as collaborators in studies sponsored by pharmaceutical companies. In these studies, the company is in charge of all the scientific, legal and financial aspects, leaving the responsibility of the researcher mainly limited to the inclusion of patients and compliance with the protocol. On the contrary, the start-up and development of an independent research study requires considerable resources - of knowledge, money and time - and careful planning on the part of the researcher. In this manuscript, we will review the main characteristics of the studies initiated by the researcher and their fundamental differences with those sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry. We will also outline what its strengths and limitations are. Finally, we will propose some solutions to the main challenges they pose. Our ultimate goal is to stimulate potential researchers to undertake the challenge of conducting an independent clinical research project.

Perfil e vozes dos participantes de pesquisas clínicas no Brasil / Profiles and voices of participants in clinical research in Brazil / Perfil y voces de los participantes de investigaciones clínicas en Brasil

Resumo Este estudo de caso buscou traçar o perfil socioeconômico de participantes de ensaios clínicos em centro de pesquisa brasileiro, analisando suas decisões, motivações e experiências, seu conhecimento sobre riscos, benefícios e cuidados dispensados e o processo de consentimento. Dados de 327 participantes foram coletados, realizando-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com 19 deles. Nas pesquisas executadas no centro estudado houve maior participação de homens, de pessoas com poucos anos de estudo formal e de baixa renda. A maioria é aposentada, não tem assistência privada à saúde e tende a não perceber os efeitos da investigação ou superestimar os benefícios médicos diretos. A busca pelo tratamento médico foi o principal fator que influenciou suas decisões/participação, e a assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido não garantiu a expressão da autonomia. Conclui-se que o perfil e o conteúdo dos discursos dos participantes são sensíveis indicadores de vulnerabilidade e desigualdade social.

Abstract This case study aimed to trace the socioeconomic profile of participants in clinical research at a Brazilian research center, analyzing their decisions, motivations, experiences, knowledge of risks, benefits and health care provided, and the consent process. The data of 327 participants were collected, and semi-structured interviews conducted with 19 of them. In the research carried out at the center studied there was a greater participation of men and of people with few years of formal education and low income. Most are retired and have no private health plan, tend not to notice the effects of the investigation, or to overestimate its direct medical benefits. The search for medical treatment was the main factor influencing their decisions/participation, and signing the informed consent form did not guarantee the expression of autonomy. We concluded that the participants' profile and speeches content are sensitive indicators of vulnerability and social inequality.

Resumen Este estudio de caso trató de esbozar el perfil socioeconómico de participantes de ensayos clínicos en un centro de investigación brasileño, analizando sus decisiones, motivaciones y experiencias, su conocimiento sobre los riesgos, beneficios y cuidados prestados y el proceso de consentimiento. Se recopilaron datos de 327 participantes y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 19 de ellos. En las investigaciones realizadas en el centro estudiado hubo una mayor participación de hombres, de personas con pocos años de educación formal y con bajos ingresos. La mayoría es jubilada y no tiene asistencia sanitaria privada, tiende a no percibir los efectos de la investigación o a sobrestimar los beneficios médicos directos. La búsqueda de tratamiento médico fue el factor principal que influyó en sus decisiones/participación, y la firma del término de consentimiento libre e informado no garantizó la expresión de la autonomía. Se concluye que el perfil y el contenido de los discursos de los participantes son sensibles indicadores de vulnerabilidad y desigualdad social.

Dr. Gregorio Delgado García, profesor de profesores, médico, investigador, historiador, yhombre / Dr. Gregorio Delgado García, a professor of professors, medical doctor, researcher, historian, and man

Se presenta la vida y obra del Dr. Gregorio Delgado García, natural de Melena del Sur de laactual provincia Mayabeque. Es una personalidad cimera de la medicina cubana, médico deprofesión y especialista en Microbiología. Se destaca por su trayectoria laboral, docente,investigativa y como Historiador del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba. Ha realizado através del tiempo, inigualables aportes en la publicación de la historia de esta entidad, enpublicaciones científicas relacionadas con las ciencias médicas, y con la docencia en lasciencias de la salud. Su obra eminente como profesor Consultante de la Universidad deCiencias Médicas de la Habana e historiador es reconocida a nivel nacional e internacionalpor generaciones de profesionales de la salud(AU)

Dr. Gregorio Delgado García´s life and work is presented. He is from Melena del Sur, currentMayabeque province. He is an outstanding professional of the Cuban Medicine, medicaldoctor and specialist in Microbiology. He has had an exceptional working, teaching, researching trajectory, and also as the historian of the Cuban Ministry of Public Health.Along time, he has performed extraordinary contributions in the publications of the historyof this entity, in scientific studies related to Medical Sciences, and about the teaching historyof the Cuban Medical Universities. His well-known labor as a consultant professor at HavanaUniversity of Medical Sciences and as a historian is recognized at national and internationallevels by many generations of health professionals(AU)

Tips and guidelines for being a successful researcher. / Reglas y consejos para ser un investigador de éxito.

This article aims to share our experience with those who consider dedicating themselves to research. In this way, the characteristics, qualities or competences that, in our opinion, a good researcher should fulfill are listed, and therefore the keys that can help you achieve a successful research career. The intention of this article is not to simply list a series of theoretical recommendations but to share some personal suggestions based on our experience and, therefore, of an eminently practical nature. The fundamental qualities to be discussed are: Ethics and honesty. Curiosity, passion, enthusiasm and motivation. Persistence, dedication and discipline. Ambition and leadership. Compromise and responsibility. Organization and planning. Acquire knowledge of research methodology. Critical and positive attitude towards difficulties and failure. Prioritization of objectives and time management. The importance of a good mentor. Establishment of a network of collaborators and teamwork. Maintain a balance between clinical and research activity. Combine public and private investigation. Balance between professional and personal life. And, finally, humility, generosity and thanks. Research represents a fundamental pillar of medical activity and it is evident that the highest quality of care arises from the integration of excellent clinical practice and research activity. With the philosophy that most of the qualities to develop an excellent research activity depend on attitude, and can be learned, developed and improved, in this manuscript we share with the reader a series of recommendations that we consider essential to be a good researcher.

Trabalhador-pesquisador: análise da implicação como resistência ao distanciamento do objeto / Worker-researcher: analysis of implication as resistance to object distancing / Trabajador-investigador: análisis de implicación como resistencia al distanciamiento del objeto

Cada vez mais profissionais procuram pós-graduações para estudar situações relacionadas a seu próprio trabalho. Apesar disso, há escassez de estudos que analisem a singularidade dessa condição de produção de pesquisa. Com base em René Lourau, pretende-se, neste ensaio, discutir a análise da implicação como possibilidade de explorar a potência do trabalhador-pesquisador na atividade científica, em vez do distanciamento do objeto como condição. Ao final, aponta-se a escrita diarística como um possível dispositivo para o agenciamento da análise coletiva da implicação do trabalhador-pesquisador.

Professionals are increasingly looking for postgraduate degrees to study issues related to their own work. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies analyzing the uniqueness of this condition of producing research. Based on René Lourau, this essay aims at discussing the analysis of implication, as a possibility to explore the worker-researcher’s potential in scientific activity, instead of the distancing from the object, as a condition. At the end, the diary writing is pointed out as a possible device for managing the workerresearcher’s collective implication analysis.

Cada vez más, los profesionales buscan posgrados para estudiar situaciones relacionadas con su propio trabajo. Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios que analizan la singularidad de esta condición de producción de investigación. A partir de René Lourau, este ensayo tiene como objetivo discutir el análisis de la implicación como una posibilidad para explorar el poder del trabajadorinvestigador en la actividad científica, en lugar del distanciamiento del objeto como condición. Al final, la escritura del diario se señala como un posible dispositivo para el agenciamiento del análisis colectivo de la implicación del trabajador-investigador.

Sistema de indicadores para valorar la formación y el desarrollo de expertos docentes y de investigadores en las universidades / System of indicators to assess the training of professors and researchers as experts in universities

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo validar las modificaciones realizadas a un sistema de indicadores para valorar la formación y el desarrollo de expertos que se desempeñan en la actividad docente - investigativa en las universidades. A partir de la experiencia obtenida en una investigación desarrollada para la gestión de la formación y el desarrollo de expertos en un centro de investigación, se realizaron modificaciones al sistema obtenido para adaptarlo a las actividades que efectúan los docentes - investigadores en instituciones de la educación superior. El sistema modificado fue validado en el panel de expertos con el empleo del método Delphi y la aplicación de la escala Likert, así como con el tratamiento estadístico de las respuestas de los participantes. Se modificaron indicadores de tres variables de la dimensión Cualificación del experto (Carrera profesional, liderazgo y visibilidad nacional e internacional) y de la variable Docencia, de la dimensión Gestión del experto. El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach (0,9274) demostró la consistencia interna del instrumento empleado. Los valores de las medianas y los rangos intercuartílicos alcanzados permitieron establecer el consenso de los participantes en la validación del sistema de indicadores. Las modificaciones realizadas al sistema original permitieron adecuarlo y aplicarlo para la valoración de los expertos docentes - investigadores que laboran en los departamentos responsables de las carreras nucleares en la Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Nucleares del Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y Ciencias Aplicadas, adscritos a la Universidad de La Habana, lo cual mostró un desarrollo medio tanto desde el punto de vista de la cualificación como de la gestión de sus expertos(AU)

This paper aims to present a system of indicators for the valuation of teacher and researcher training as expert. Starting from the achieved experience in research conducted for training and development management of experts in a high-tech organization, some modifications were made to the proposed system of indicators to adapt it to the activities of teachers - researchers in higher educational institutions. Delphi method, Likert´ scale, median and interquartil rank were used to validate the modified system of indicators. The indicators for three variables (Professional Career, Leadership and National and International Visibility) of Expert Qualification dimension and Teaching for Expert Management dimension were modified. The obtained value for Alpha Cronbach Coefficient (0.9274) proved the internal consistency of applied instrument. The values for medians and interquartil ranks concluded the consensus of the participants. The fulfilled modifications allowed applying the system of indicators to the valuation of teaching and research experts who works in the departments responsible for nuclear specialties in the Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Higher Institute of Technologies and Applied Sciences of the Havana University. An average development from the point of view their qualifications and their management were obtained(AU)

Desenvolvimento na carreira de bolsistas produtividade: uma análise de gênero / Career development of teaching researchers in Brazil: a gender analysis / Desarrollo en la carrera de becarios productividad: un análisis de género

Historicamente os homens detêm maior número de bolsas produtividade em pesquisa. Este estudo discute diferenças de gênero no desenvolvimento da carreira acadêmica e as práticas sociais de naturalização dessas disparidades. Participaram bolsistas do nível inicial (n = 620) e final da carreira (n = 616). Foram analisados currículos Lattes e aplicados questionários sobre estado civil, presença de filhos, idade ao se tornar pesquisador etc. Os resultados apontaram que as mulheres se titulam mais tarde, demoram mais para ingressar no sistema de bolsas e seus filhos mais velhos têm média de idade maior. Além disso, na medida em que a carreira científica avança, o número de mulheres no sistema de bolsas decresce. Os resultados permitem discutir a influência dos estereótipos de gênero no desequilíbrio na divisão das responsabilidades familiares, além de trazer implicações para as estratégias de planejamento do desenvolvimento profissional dos pesquisadores e para a definição de políticas científicas que considerem tais desigualdades

Historically, men have held the highest number of research productivity scholarships. This study discusses gender differences in the development of the academic career and social practices of naturalization of those disparities. Fellows from the initial level (n = 620) and the end of the career (n = 616) from different areas took part in this study. The research included analysis of Lattes curriculum vitae and questionnaires about marital status, presence of children, age to become a researcher, etc. The results showed that women graduate later, take longer to join the system of scholarships and their older children have a higher average age. Moreover, to the extent that the scientific career progresses, the number of women in the system of grants decreases. The results allow to discuss the influence of gender stereotypes on the imbalance in the division of family responsibilities, in addition to bringing implications for planning strategies of the professional development of researchers and the definition of scientific policies that consider such inequalities

Históricamente los hombres tienen mayor número de becas de productividad en investigación. Este estudio discute diferencias de género en el desarrollo de la carrera académica y las prácticas sociales de naturalización de esas disparidades. Participaron becarios del nivel inicial (n = 620) y final de carrera (n = 616). Se analizaron currículos Lattes y se aplicaron cuestionarios sobre estado civil, presencia de hijos, edad al convertirse en investigador, etc. Los resultados apuntaron que las mujeres se titulan más tarde, tardan más para ingresar en el sistema de becas y sus hijos mayores tienen promedio de edad mayor.. Además, en la medida en que la carrera científica avanza, el número de mujeres en el sistema de becas decrece. Los resultados permiten discutir la influencia de los estereotipos de género en el desequilibrio en la división de las responsabilidades familiares, además de traer implicaciones para las estrategias de planificación del desarrollo profesional de los investigadores y para la definición de políticas científicas que consideren tales desigualdades

Posicionamiento del investigador de enfermería en la utilización de la teoría fundamentada constructivista / Positioning of the nursing researcher in the utilization of the constructivist grounded theory / Posicionamento do pesquisador de enfermagem na utilização da teoria fundamentada construtivista

Resumen Introducción: La teoría fundamentada ha tenido un fuerte auge en las ciencias de la salud, especialmente en la enfermería, producto de las ventajas que presenta para ser aplicada en problemas o situaciones de la disciplina y analizar diversos tópicos de interés en salud. Una de las vertientes más recientes, la teoría fundamentada constructivista, mantiene en la actualidad un amplio desarrollo por las características inherentes a este enfoque. Una de ellas, que la diferencia de las perspectivas predecesoras, es la posición del investigador en temáticas sociales aplicadas a grupos vulnerables como las personas mayores. Desarrollo: El presente trabajo reflexiona en torno a los usos de la teoría fundamentada constructivista, la posición que debe adquirir el investigador que utilice este enfoque en investigaciones en enfermería, y las herramientas metodológicas con las que puede contar para cumplir este propósito al estudiar grupos vulnerables, como las personas mayores en un contexto latinoamericano. Reflexiones finales. Uno de los aportes destacados de la TFC es posicionar al investigador en un rol clave en la co-construcción de la teoría, como partícipe del proceso de investigación en conjunto con sus participantes como sujeto de cambio social.

Abstract Introduction: Grounded theory has had an important boom within the health sciences, particularly in nursing, mainly as a result of the advantages it offers to address nursing problems or situations, as well as other diverse health topics of interest. One of its most recent variants, the constructivist approach, has maintained a steady development due to its distinctive characteristic of positioning the researchers towards the social issues related to the vulnerable groups, like the elders. Development: The present work reflects upon the uses of the constructivist grounded theory, the positioning which the nursing researchers need to take, and the methodological tools which can be counted on in order to study vulnerable groups, such as the elders, within the Latin-American context. Final Reflections: By positioning researchers and their subjects of study as active participants and theory co-builders in the constant process of social change, this methodology makes important contributions to the sciences of healthcare.

Resumo Introdução: A teoria fundamentada teve um forte auge nas ciências da saúde, especialmente na enfermagem, produto das vantagens que apresenta para ser aplicada em problemas ou situações da disciplina e analisar diversos tópicos de interesse em saúde. Uma das vertentes mais recentes, a teoria fundamentada construtivista, mantem na atualidade um amplo desenvolvimento pelas caraterísticas inerentes a este enfoque. Uma delas, que a diferencia das perspectivas predecessoras, é a posição do pesquisador em temáticas sociais aplicadas a grupos vulneráveis como as personas idosas. Desenvolvimento: O presente trabalho reflete em volta dos usos da teoria fundamentada construtivista, a posição que deve adquirir o pesquisador que utilize este enfoque em pesquisas em enfermagem, e as ferramentas metodológicas com as que pode contar para cumprir este propósito ao estudar grupos vulneráveis, como as pessoas idosas em um contexto latino-americano. Reflexiones finais. Uma das contribuições destacados da TFC é posicionar ao pesquisador em um papel chave na co-construção da teoria, como partícipe do processo de pesquisa em conjunto com seus participantes como sujeito de câmbio social.